Written Communication in Criminal Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 415 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Communication Essay Criminal Justice Essay Did you like this example? Law Enforcement Reporting Recording Writing Importance Scenarios 1-4 September 15, 2010 Week 1 By Prepared for Importance of Written Communication in Criminal Justice A Criminal Justice career can be greatly enhanced with good written communication skills for the following reasons: one reason is that it is important that our written documentation and reports are clearly stated for interpretation. The well written report or document provides the audience with the ability to immediately interpret the full message. Why is it important to be motivated to be a good writer? Being motivated to write well is the basis of good communication and to be able to write properly will help with expressing your ideas and thoughts more clearly. In the first scenario the police chief clearly praises the new police officer on his detailed investigative prowess, however that’s is all that became of his praises there was no written accommodations or as stated in the scenario â€Å"at ta boys† nor where any letters of appreciation on the new officers investigative efforts. Clearly the police chief failed to properly acknowledge the officers achievements, this failure on the part of the police chief could have made a difference with the nomination for the distinguished service award. In the second scenario the police officer greatly lost all her chances of getting the sergeant position due to her poor writing skills, if she would have requested someone to review all of the contents of her resume the officer may have had a better chance at getting the new sergeant position that she so dearly felt she deserved. However if the officer had learned good writing skills, grammar and was better disorganized she would have had a much better chance at the position. In the third scenario the captain that boasted his experience verbally to his superiors the police chief and the mayor, however he failed to formally submit a written proposal for the K9 unit, it didn ’t take to long for the mayor and his chief to get tired of his boasting, and inability to request in writing the K9 unit. The fourth scenarios is pretty cut and dry as to the organizational skills and unprofessionalism of the officer. This report should have been taken care of as soon as the officer was finished with the other dispatch that pulled him away from the accident at hand. The confidence of the public is questioned when it comes to the way the police department is looked at with regard to professionalism is concerned. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Written Communication in Criminal Justice" essay for you Create order

The Problem Of Obesity Is A Great Concern As Children With...

The problem of obesity is a great concern as children with SMS become adolescents. In an article by Wills in the Pediatric Physical Therapy Journal (2004) cardiovascular conditions, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, spinal complications, and specific types of cancer are problems associated with obesity not only in adults but also in childhood, increasing the probability of children with SMS to develop additional systemic conditions, and orthopedic problems. Per the Physical Therapist’s Guide to Obesity (APTA, 2016), 10% of children 2-5 y/o, 15% of children 6-11, and 16% of our adolescents in our nation are overweight. PT’s are called to fight that epidemic trend by promoting active lifestyle patterns and wellness programs. New APTA†¦show more content†¦A lot has to be learned about SMS, however, molecular analysis of the RAI1 gene, could be promising in the development of SMS Clinical Prediction Rules by using mutation prediction programs such as POLYPHEN, PANTH ER, and PMUT. In a research conducted by Vilboux et al. (2011) two SMS clinical features demonstrated noticeable relationship to the RAI1 mRNA levels: ocular anomalies (Mann -Whitney Z= - 2.35; p=0.0188 and object insertion (Mann -Whitney Z = - 2.21; p=0.03.) Summary Statement Smith -Magenis syndrome is a developmental disorder resulting from a genetic change during the formation of the reproductive cells or the initial development of the fetus, requiring a multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach with physical therapy services assuming an important role. Physical therapists are expected to incorporate elements of pharmacology, health policy, evidence based practice (EBP), diagnostic, imaging, differential diagnosis and professional integration presented in this project when developing their interventions for children with SMS. It is expected from this project to develop interest among clinicians, educators, and parents/caregivers to learn more about the implications of SMS in children diagnosed with this disorder and to recognize the need for continuing unlocking their potential by pursuing the best therapeutic and educational management possible. Project Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths The children that originated this project constituted theShow MoreRelatedWireless Technology Essay16392 Words   |  66 PagesWireless Technology 30 Legal Concerns Related to the Development of Wireless Technology 31 Economics in Relation to Wireless Technology 33 Psychological considerations and sociological effects 43 Personal Communication 43 Emotional Disconnect 45 Worldly Effects 50 Media Influence 51 Impact on Education 52 Impact on USA 54 Environmental Implications 55 Implications for Wireless Technology 56 Wireless Waste 56 Analysis 59 Health Concerns 59 Moral and Ethical ImplicationsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCase Incident 1 Negative Aspects of Collaboration? 300 Case Incident 2 Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) 301 CONTENTS xiii 10 Understanding Work Teams 307 Why Have Teams Become So Popular? 308 Differences Between Groups and Teams 309 Types of Teams 310 Problem-Solving Teams 310 †¢ Self-Managed Work Teams 310 †¢ Cross-Functional Teams 311 †¢ Virtual Teams 312 Creating Effective Teams 312 Context: What Factors Determine Whether Teams Are Successful 313 †¢ Team Composition

Proposal for Web Based Ordering and Management System Free Essays

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND IT’S SETTING Introduction In the fast changing environment of business, information technology played a great role in advancing business transaction to achieve optimum globalization. Various information systems are introducing services in diverse level of management and it ensures the most updated level of business transaction today. The introduction of online servicing becomes the talk of the town not only in information technology more so in terms of how it affects the business transaction like on how to speed up the process, getting accurate result of the process, becoming convenient on the part of the client and ensuring that the management can handle volumes of transaction of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal for Web Based Ordering and Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are some of the important processes that the business industry is facing nowadays. By using ordering management system, it allows the user to import data and to manage the products that the customer wants such as, product information, buyer’s information, costumer’s prioritization and product costing. PC Troubleshooters runs its business through a manual process in taking the orders of the costumers. Though there are more employees attending to the needs of the costumer, but the company was often confronted with greater volume of orders, this in effect, created a problem that continue to persist a onger period of time. Because of that, chances are the customer might give false information about their order. In rare cases like that, the employee can make mistakes too due to the given information of the customer. Another problem is that when transactions are done manually, the customers can change their mind and cancel their order. This kind of conflict makes the customer take back its money directly without any other process or informing the company of the cancelled transaction. Indeed, managing the orders through manual process becomes a big problem of the companies since it creates a higher risk of committing errors and even makes the employees accountable for their transaction (SaaS). Just like in the case of PC Troubleshooters, manual process of managing the orders consumes a lot of time. If it is not being organized the orders are mixed up. PC Troubleshooters cannot manage the orders properly also when the customer gives wrong information about the order, errors takes place and tracking the error consumes a lot of time. Not the wrong information that might be given by the costumer but at the same the errors committed by the employees they do commit mistakes, like giving incorrect information about the ordered product, orders that are not arranged properly and sorted like its date and priority, giving product to right costumer, these are the problem that the company encountered when dealing with their manual transaction. To solve the problem of PC Troubleshooter, the proponents provide â€Å"Web Based Ordering Management System. † This kind of system can make their work fast, reliable, consistent and flexible. The system adapts to different types of order and to meet the customer’s needs. It will also monitor and manage the orders of the customer in order to check the ordered product accurately. The product must be added before ordering occurs. It can also reduce the risk of overlapping orders and other mistakes done by the customer and by the employee. On the part of the management the system has the capability to show reports of every transaction that are accomplished in everyday transaction. Thus, monitoring the reports and knowing the problems can now be traced easily by the top management level. Objective of the Study General Objective The general objective of the study is to create and develop a web based ordering management for PC troubleshooters. Specific Objectives 1. To monitor the orders of the client in terms of prioritization. 2. To lessen conflicts between the ordering of products and managing the orders. 3. To test and evaluate the effectiveness of the Ordering Management System. 4. To evaluate the feasibility of the study in terms of: accuracy, efficiency, reliability, user’s friendly and flexibility. Significance of the Study The web based order management system helps both the customers and the management in dealing with their transactions effectively. Furthermore, the other beneficiaries of the study are the following: Company This study helps the company as a whole in identifying the problems encountered. It also serves as a tool to improve their existing methods of managing the orders in a shorter time and also it helps them to track the order of the customer. It lessens changes in final posting of orders by their client. User This study will help the user in making the process or ordering fast and lessen the conflict in managing the orders and to lessen the complaints of the customers. Client This study helps the client in terms of selecting a product and can help in providing what is best for the client base from their interest. Proponents This study will help the proponents in enhancing their skills in making a web based ordering management system through the application various programming language acquired. Future Proponents This study will serve as a resource or reference for future proponents. It can help them to create and develop a new project proposal of almost the same kind of software that can be use as a solution in solving the problems in the ordering process and management. Scope and Delimitation Scope The scope of this study includes the process of editing or altering and deleting transaction, sorting of products according to prices, new arrivals, item and the like. Viewing of fast and slow moving of products through the use of pie chart. Another is that it can view the order of the customer. It has a PayPal function wherein the customer can transact online. An editing tool called FCK editor which is used to edit the important details of the site especially the displaying of information about the products. It is a crossed browser based system that can run on any web browsers. Delimitation The present study of the proponents does not include the ordering of products from the suppliers. Also the shipping outside of the Philippines is not covered in this study. The transaction in terms of payment online or in the company using credit or debit cards are not also covered. How to cite Proposal for Web Based Ordering and Management System, Essay examples

Renaissance Humanism vs. Modern Humanism free essay sample

The fundamental principles of modern humanism are parallel with ones from Renaissance humanism in that it emphasizes long lasting traditions and the power of the individual. These ideas are similar to the bases of Renaissance humanism, which are the revival of the classics and individualism. Modern Humanism is the product of long lasting practices and can be characterized by comparing it to the Renaissances revival of classical ideas. The article states that modern humanism is the outcome of a long tradition. It is based on previous ideas hat have been passed down and adapted into new ones that pertain to the modern world. This is similar to how the Renaissance grew from the exploration of previous ideas from the Greeks and Romans. The word Renaissance itself even means rebirth. From classical ideas, Renaissance humanists began to shape themselves and society. One example is a Renaissance writer Leonardo Bruni who took the idea of civilians taking part in government to develop civic humanism. We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance Humanism vs. Modern Humanism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Inspired by the classical Roman Cicero, a statesman and intellectual, civic humanists educated hemselves not only to improve their mind but to serve their state as well. The fact that modern humanism is based on traditions proves that it comes from Renaissance humanism. The modern humanist idea that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility is very similar to previous ideas of civic humanism. With the freedom of mind gained from education, it is a civilians responsibility to serve society. Since the fundamental principles of Renaissance and modern humanism are the outcomes of long tradition it can be reasoned that both are based on previous deas that date back to ancient times. Beliefs of self improvement for the benefit for ones society have been passed down through generations and have adapted to each time period it goes through. Modern humanists emphasis on art and its powers of transformation are similar to Renaissance humanists appreciation for art. Art for modern humanists creates personal development and fulfillment (6). This belief is closely related to the Renaissances ideas of art. Before the Renaissance and during the Middle Ages, arts main focus was the Bible. However, during the Renaissance, it changed into more secular art that used man as the focal point. These artists used the power of art to depict the changing ideals of individuals. The also began taking credit for their art instead working in obscurity. Even though it is based on a character from the bible, Michelangelos David depicts the ability of man and his unlimited potential. Through perfect muscles and poise, the artist used his work not only for his own fulfillment and glory, but also for the change of society. Society transforms as the idea from the edieval world that religion is the greatest power changes to the Renaissance conviction that man is mighty as well. Artists had a sense of self as they began to work towards the glory and power of mankind. The statement in the article saying that humanism affirms the worth, dignity, and autonomy ot the individual (1) turtner emphasizes the power art. A development from Renaissance art has an effect on the modern world as well. Both modern humanism and Renaissance humanism emphasize art for its transformative traits. Whether its for personal development or societys development.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (1358 words) - Giftedness, Fiction

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo DA Vinci (1452-1519), Florentine artist, one of the great masters of high Renaissance, celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His profound love of knowledge and research was the keynote of both his scientific and artistic endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies, particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics. He anticipated many of the developments of modern science. Leonardo was born in the small town of Vinci, in Tuscany, near Florence. He was the son of a wealthy Florentine notary and a peasant woman. In the mid- 1460s the family settled in Florence, where Leonardo was given the best education that Italy could offered. He rapidly advanced socially and intellectually. About 1466 he was the apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio's workshop Leonardo was introduced to painting and sculpture in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was entered in the painters guild of Florence, and in 1476 he was still considered Verrocchios assistant. In 1478 Leonardo became an independent master. His first commission, to paint an altarpiece for the chapel of the plazzo vecchio, the Florentine town hall, was never executed. The period of Italian art in which Leonardo DA Vinci lived is called high Renaissance. In the course of the fifteenth century a long chain of early Renaissance artists, mainly of Florentine decent, had concentrated on a visual as well as theoretical conquest of nature. Their work formed the basis for a great idealistic style, which began to emerge from about 1490 onwards and was nearing its end at the time of Raphael?s death in 1520. It was given fullest expression during the decade 1500 to 1510, and the names of Leonardo, Michelangelou, Raphael, Bramante, Giorgone and Titian, round which legions of minor stars of considerable brilliance revolve, indicate its climax. Modern interpreters have excentially analyzed the truly classical qualities of this style which combine, like Greek art of the fifth and fourth centuries BC, a spiritual and formal dignity, harmony and equipoise never before or after equaled in the history of post-classical art. It is easier to describe this phenomenon t han to explained it. But while older writers regarded it mainly and too simply as a revival of the pagan art of antiquity, more recent studies have begun to throw light on the complexities of the style by investigating the intentions of its creators. In this essay I am going to focus on some aspects of Leonardo?s life in order to analyze the things that took him to invent and become one of the most famous artist in history. This was the period in history known as the Renaissance, when after hundreds of superstitions and slavery; finally appear the renovations of the study of the sciences. Europe had abandoned the dark ages and the feudal system was left behind. New schools were opened and the people were lefting the countryside in favor to the cities. For these changes was why the beautiful Florence City was full of artists and merchandisers. The Renaissance penetrated Verrochio?s work shop, were the painting and the sculpture were going hand by hand with the orfebry, the confection of delicated mechanical objects and musical instruments, and were all ready existent works were repaired. The elemental engineer was the basic part of an artist work. As an student of the work shop, Leonardo acquire this magnificent abilities with the paint art and the sculpture, familiarizaising with a wide range of tools like lifting, transporting and digging. Later on Leonardo would use this knowledge like a starting point for his numerous ideas and inventions. When he went to Milan that in that time was a city-state situated at the north of Florence, was being threatened by their enemies and Leonardo wanted to put in practice all his fantastic designs in benefit of the city. In a letter send to Francisco Sforza, Milan governor, Leonardo offered him his abilities to construct canons, catapults, war ships, digging tunnels under the enemy lines, grave drainages and methods for climbing castle brick walls. As well as for defending

The Drum Dulce et Decorum est Essays

The Drum Dulce et Decorum est Essays The Drum Dulce et Decorum est Paper The Drum Dulce et Decorum est Paper Essay Topic: Jessie Pope War Poetry Poetry War poetry is written either by those who want to promote war as a glamorous adventure or by those who want to depict war as a painful experience causing horror and despair to those involved. Poetry was used in some newspapers during World War one as a means of recruitment for soldiers. One journalist Jessie Pope was famed for this type of War poetry and was criticised by many poets who focused on the horrific truths war of for them and all soldiers. War poetry often gives us a accurate impression of the suffering soldiers had to endure. Poetry is also a valuable source of information on war. In most historical books and reports we are given only detached, objective and factual information. War poetry from the likes of Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon give us their own personal feelings of war and the death as reported through their eyes. The two poems I will be comparing will be John Scotts pre 1900 poem The Drum and Wilfred Owens post 1900 poem Dulce et Decorum est. Both of these poems are anti-war but are written by people who have had very different experiences of war. John Scott who was a Quaker and opposed to all violence wrote The Drum in 1782. Wilfred Owen was a soldier in the First World War. The things that he witnessed during this time left him deeply scarred; he expressed his feelings in his poems. The title of the poem The Drum refers to the recruiting drum played around the countryside by the army. The Drum is associated with war and in this poem as well as in the poem On The Idle Hill its use is clear. The first verse gives us the background to the drums use. We are told of how thoughtless youths are attracted to its sound and the glamorous side of war it portrays. The poem begins with I hate, immediately stating the poets feeling. We are told of the drums discordant sound as if the sound of the drums spreads displeasure and disorder. The second line uses the word parading followed by the phrase and round being repeated. This gives the impression that this happens again and again. It is also possible that this is like a childs rhyme emphasising the involvement of youth. The focus on the young being victims of the drums attracting sound is shown with he use words like thoughtless and lures. The phrase To sell their liberty for charms sums up Scotts belief that the young are giving their freedom away to seek wars mistaken glory. Their search for glory is displayed in the phrase Ambitions voice commands. This Personification shows us that the call for glory is part of military life but at the end of the first verse we are given the first example of what thoughtless glory will lead to. Alliteration is used to describe how the recruits will go on to fight and fall in foreign lands. This demonstrates how terrible it was as the soldiers will die in lands that mean nothing to them. The second verse also begins with the words I hate reinforcing Scotts personal feelings. In this verse he concentrates on the inevitable suffering caused by war that, he starts a list of horrors with To me, again personalising the poem. The listing with and repeated over and over makes it seem that the litany of destruction is just being added to continuously. To end the poem Scott Personifies the word Misery as if it was living in the hearts and minds of the soldiers. The title Dulce et Decorum est is part of the old Latin saying that it is a fine and honourable thing to die for your country. By using this as a title Owen is making a statement to his intended audience who he resented deeply. The first verse describes nothing but absolute horror and exhaustion. Words like haunting describe the horror while a lot of Alliteration is used in phrases such as knock-kneed and the trudge of troops to show the level of tiredness. The phrases are used along with others like Bent doubled like old beggars and coughing like hags to reinforce the hellish conditions even the Five-Nines are spent from exhaustion. The word all is used twice to show that no one escaped the torment. The second verse begins frantically reflecting the panic of the men as shells of Gas fall around them. The men are in a life and death situation and the use of just in time demonstrates how lucky they have been to survive. But one man has not been so fortunate and his death in the sea of green is described in great detail. We are told how the was drowning as he watched helplessly. In verse three the idea of suffocation from the gas is reinforced. The inhumane situation is described when we are told the man body was flung on a wagon, this is not the heroic death that people believed they would have. Owen tells us that the sight of the dyeing man still haunts his dreams. The man is described with words like plunges, choking and drowning. The thought that even though the event has past the horror still lives with him again showing things which are very personal. In the final verse of the poem Owen is addressing the readers mostly likely those at home who still promote the war. He again refers to the gas attacks by using the smothering but he also talks about his own dreams asking the reader by using the you if only they could witness what he has. Owen uses the word flung to describe how they treated the mans body, this word shows that the mans death had no meaning. He then goes on to describe graphically the mans appearance as he lyes dead on the wagon. Phrases like devils sick of sin, froth corrupted, Obscene as cancer and vile incurable sores send forth strong imagery of horror. In describing these things Owen in the sense to make a greater impact. Sight is incorporated through the use of the word watch then the word hear is used and finally taste by using the phrase bitter as cud. The poem ends with Owen addressing those at home such as Jessie Pope who readily tell youth who seek glory that war is a great and honourable thing. He uses My friend when addressing these peopleperhaps an element of sarcasm but the poems end line is the most significant of the poem. Owen calls the saying Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori the old lie, not just a lie the lie that every youth at that time would have known. Owens title for the poem is only have the saying the rest he tells at the end maybe so that people will understand what dying in war is like so that they can make their own minds up on how honourable it is. Both of these poems send out a clear message that war is a terrible and horrific thing for all involved. Both poets are very resentful of those who recruit the young to fight. Scott speaks of the thoughtless youth who sell their liberty for charms and in a similar vain Owen tells of children ardent for some desperate glory. In both poems we are told of wars misery but in must be said that Owen has used far more brutal and horrific imagery. I also think that because Owens war experiences helped to produce such a hate of war that there is more passion and personal feeling n his poem. Scott gives a very general view of war that although is quite true is not as striking or as affective. Scott does make good uses of poetic techniques such as Alliteration and Personification to make his feelings come alive to the reader. He uses a rhyming scheme of couplets to make the poem like a nursery rhyme reinforcing the feeling that youth are the victims. Owens Poem is full of his own personal life at war. He demonstrates his hate of war and the horror of it which haunts his sleep time and time again. This poem would have made a strong statement to those who supported the war and made Owen unpopular with many but the graphic imagery would have made many stop and think about the reality of war.

Affirmative action and Its affect on women Research Paper

Affirmative action and Its affect on women - Research Paper Example Through the years, women in most cultures have been viewed as instruments or properties and worst, as sexual objects who need to satisfy the fantasies of men. This paper discusses this certain issue on feminism wherein women are placed on a lower pedestal as prostitutes. The common perception that women are regarded as such is due to how men treat women in general and that women have the right for a better image than a lowly sex object. If prostitution is considered as a career, then women should be given equal rights as the men so that they will be able to step out from such a shameful status. The movie â€Å"Pretty Women† (Marshall) is the story of a prostitute, Vivian Ward portrayed by Julia Roberts who was hired by a businessman, Edward Lewis played by Richard Gere. The businessman was in Los Angeles for a week and he got lost in the city. That was when he met the prostitute who offered to bring the rich businessman to his destination. The man then hires Ward not as a sexu al partner but as an escort to social events and the two agreed on the price. With the way Ward dressed, she was given queer stares from the employees and other clients of the hotel where Lewis stayed. With such dilemma, the man encouraged her to buy a new wardrobe. With much money on hand, Ward gleefully went to expensive stores but was given an unexpected cold reception. The salespersons did not treat her well because of the way she looked, obviously of an unsophisticated breeding. However, she tries to get back at them when Lewis accompanied her the following day to go shopping, approaching the salesladies that they made a big mistake. As the story unfolds, the protagonist finds herself in love with the businessman and the latter offered to find her a place to stay so they could continue seeing each other. However, affected by the play the two earlier watched, the woman identified her love story with the main characters’ so that she felt insulted with Lewis’ proposa l. The man then leaves for work and the woman was left in the hotel. Later, a colleague of Lewis’ arrived at the hotel tried to sexually assault Ward after some argument. However, Lewis comes in the nick of time to save the woman. He then tries to convince the woman to stay with him but she refuses. The story ends the way the woman wanted to, with Lewis rushing to Ward’s apartment who did not walk through the door but climbed the fire escape ladder with a bouquet of roses clenched in his teeth. The two then kissed and the story ended with the classic tale of two lovers living together happily ever after. The film portrays a very sensitive social issue on feminism that could perhaps be one of the oldest social problems concerning the so-called â€Å"weaker sex†. First, the protagonist was shown on the streets at night, without regard to the dangers that might befall her in her job as a prostitute. The woman along with her companions did not seem to mind what kind of men they would sleep with as long as they have customers who would be able to pay them well and enable them to buy their necessities with their payments. Their job did not just expose them to sexually transmitted diseases but also to physical dangers brought about by criminal activities in their dangerous environment. This is similarly dangerous as other jobs with high health risks such as careers in mining and chemical companies. With the known risks in such work areas, employees are often guaranteed safety through frequent inspections of the work place, training sessions and provision of protective gadgets. However, for prostitutes, no such measures

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class Essay

Discussion board 2 - Research Design Class - Essay Example Such studies are also significant since they present near real life situations as opposed to case studies and experimental studies which may are always done under controlled conditions. An example of business-related research that might be better handled by longitudinal approaches are the buying patterns for grocery products among families in a specific town. This is because, such data will indicate changes in the in the buying patterns and behavior of those families and households over time. Another example of a longitudinal study is a research conducted to determine the suitability of a product in for a market over its lifetime in a market (product market research). This method of study in both cases is suitable since in the first case, measurement of data over time to determine trend is applicable. In the second example, the method is applicable it involves the establishment of temporal order. Posting 1 is correct in stating that longitudinal studies normally gather information on a population at a single point in time. The posting is however wrong to state that quantitative research can be performed more quickly than experimental and longitudinal design. This is because the later two designs are subsets of quantitative research. The US census is a longitudinal study in which case the posting is correct as it involves repetition in collection of the same (or similar) data over time. The example of changing product packaging as an experiment is correctly stated as two groups may be applied (views regarding the first packaging and the second packaging). An experimental study however would not provide answers as to why consumers would like one type of packaging and not the other as stated by the posting. In stating that â€Å"both methods are typically more expensive and time-consuming for a company than performing cross-sectional research†, posting 1 is wrong. This i s so since

Holocaust, The Situation of Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Holocaust, The Situation of Depression - Essay Example According to the essay "Holocaust: The Situation of Depression" findings, in terms of the manner of labor inside the Ghetto, forced labor is very much imminent. People have to work so hard in return for nothing. Bribery must be done sometimes to at least escape from the harsh working conditions. This only shows how inhumane the treatment to the Jews and other Europeans happened back then. The manner of implementation of things somehow satisfies a very sadist culture for the German soldiers who have been so happy seeing the suffering of Jews. This has been the common cases of Genocides. One finds happiness in the suffering of others. If we shall observe more carefully the Ghetto life, it is deeply rooted in the grand political narrative of Hitler: superiority. At the same time, these Ghetto camps can be considered safe havens somehow but not that safe in reality. People may just be working, forced under harsh circumstances that dehumanize them further. Solomon Radasky back then has us ed bribery as well just to see his sister who is already dead. This only shows that his frustration about the situation during the war is very incommensurable. At the same time, he has experienced the work inside the Ghetto camps which I have described to be so harsh and demeaning the one who worked would most likely do not want to work there since there is no hope of getting comfort and be treated humanely. In this case, violence has been so triumphant in Europe during the war. There is no significant difference in it when the other wars have occurred.

Ethical Awareness in Private and Public Sector Employees

Ethical Awareness in Private and Public Sector Employees INTRODUCTION What is ethics? Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which addresses questions about morale; i.e about concepts with a moral dimension to find out what is bad or good, right or wrong. An ethical statement can assert that some particular thing or action is right or may be wrong. Ethics can bring about the difference between good and bad characters or dispositions. It may propound few principles which help in more detailed judgments of these sorts, might be inferred- we can take it for the generalised form of happiness or try to minimize the total suffering of all sentient beings. That it is correct for everyone to look after themselves. Every such statement expresses ethical judgments which embodies generality in different degrees . [J L Mackie 1977] Business ethics Business ethics is that which examines ethical principles, morale or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics,nd) However, there is two different schools of thought in the case of business ethics- one is theoretical and the other one is empirical, points out the importance of ethical judgement in the field of business through different parameters.(Hunt and Vitell,1986,1992)emphasises on the ethical judgement which comes out from a person from his empathy towards deontology and teleology(study of design to lead to a final stage) as his individualistic approach which lead to formulate through cognitive input regarding his intention in behaviour and finally behaviour as a whole.Rest(1986) stresses on four component model comprising of -it is the judgement comes from the justification from the moral values which has an interaction between an individuals perception of issue related to ethics and how it is been given a shape with regard to how to behave. Jones (1991) goes for a contingent model whereas it is the moral intensity which drives decision making in an ethical way and the decision process is the same as outlined by Rest. However in the empirical literature,O Fallond and Butterfield (2005) has found ethical judgement has been a dependant variable with respect to various antecedents like sex of the respondents, education, nationality,race, issue importance,deontological and teleological evaluation etc. John R Sparks, Yu Pan, Etihical Judgements in Business ethics and Research -Definition and Research Agenda, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=9sid=abebe556-be59-4fce-ad12-064b605c3480%40sessionmgr11 Origin of Ethics: The systematic study of what is morally right or wrong can determine that ethics might have originated when humans started to lead the best way of life. This reflective stage emerged once morality creeped into the human society, usually in the form of customary standards of right and wrong conduct. Such customs lead this process of reflection, even if it found them waiting. Ethics also began to come into the picture with the invent of moral codes. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194023/ethics] The concept of ethics historically comes from two different thoughts the Greeks ,Hobbes defines it as egoistic prudence,while on solitude the question of conflict did not arise but when a man comes in contact with the other man ,conflict starts and to restore a social order the rules were evolved without giving any chance of reluctance. However on the other part, the christian teaching has extended on morality to correct our imperfect nature in the line of will of god.these are the most simplified version and cannot cover up complex facts. Noel Preston,Charles sampford and Camel Connors-Encouraging ethics and challenging corruption/http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=17i10ZZu8O4Coi=fndpg=PA3dq=origin+of+ethicsots=q50x9tAay9sig=g3myDyIt_iPahQO2QG0KBkGRxPE#v=onepageq=origin%20of%20ethicsf=false The history of Business ethics can vary depending on the situation or the object under discussion. The history also depends a lot on the historian, the way he or she conceives the subject, what facts he or she seeks to discover or has at hand, and the relative importance the historian gives to those facts. The term business ethics is used in a lot of different ways Business ethics encompasses all the applications pertaining to what are the moral needs and ethical norms of everyday. ( De George, nd),Religion has a condsiderable influence on the behaviour of business persons and they derive their ethical norms from the religion. and apply these norms in their business activities. Business ethics focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. Many people discussing business ethics, immediately resort to examples of immoral or unethical activity by individuals or by an organization. It also includes the criticism of multinational corporations which make use of child labor or lev el of low wage of employees in the less developed countries or who utilize suppliers that run sweat shops. Chandra and Pai (2009) explain that for every individual there are certain factors that affect the way an individual take decisions. They feel that power, centralization of workflow, substitutability of activities, uncertainty of inputs and routinization are the various factors are responsible for controlling the ethical contingencies of any individual. A general framework was being produced by Flanagan(2009) regarding the ethical decision making process. He believes that the characteristics of the decision maker which includes motivation, locus of control, ego strength, knowledge, experience, risk taking abilities, Machiavellianism, etc. and the significant influences such as the organization, work, law, economics, professionalism, technology, family, friends or other opinion leaders are responsible for any decision outcome. These outcomes can be in the form of rewards, performance, satisfaction, feedback, promotion or learning. Aims and objectives of the Research a) Find out the level of ethical awareness amongst the employees in private and public sector companies. b) Comparison of ethical behaviour between private and public sector employees c) Role of management in improving ethical behaviours. d) To what extent the employees in the public and private sector organisation understand the intensity of corruption. e) How can an employee define corruption in his own terms? f) what are the measures taken by the management to educate the employees about the unethical behaviour? BACKGROUND The Indian industrial sector opened up in late 1990s when the various developed countries entered India through modes like FDI etc ,with the relaxation of rules and modifications made in the foreign policies along with the age of outsourcing and boom in IT and BPO sectors , lot of foreign companies outsourced their processes to the developing countries especially to India and China .There is a significant shift in the policy of banking sector with the opening up of Indian markets to the private sector banks as the banking sector was already characterised by a considerable presence of public sector sector banks along with a sizeable number of co-operative banks. In another side ,foreign multinational banks in 2009 were looking towards an opportunity to open up the market further so that they can make an entry into the emerging market .Now there was scenario where in loans were available at a very low interest rates. The capacity to spending of the public is increased and they spent more than what they actually earned ,by relying more on easily available loans they began to buy cars and purchased houses which was prior to the Banking boom was beyond their imagination. This is at the micro level fuelled corruption in the private sector banks as the executives who sanctioned the loans inflated the income statement of these people to prove the financial soundness and in return they indulge in malpractice by entertained by bribery from the clients.This was very common at the grass root level in the developing nations but in macro level it is high multitude decay of ethics and corruption at high level. There have been many a books which have been written on ethics and corruption , everyday we read in news papers articles, journals about companies and government agencies who are found guilty in scams. With respect to literature on ethics and corruption its a sea out there. Where the data from which can be inculcated here in the research is very less, as there are several life experiences which can just be an eye opener, which cannot be found in books or have references. Ethical Theories: Different ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications. Ethical theories are based on ethical principles, they emphasize on different aspects of an ethical dilemma. They also lead to ethically correct resolution staying within the guidelines of ethical theories. Banks (2001) has expanded the ethical theories into two types-(1)whereas one is concerned with the action which is principle based ie respect and recognition of owners right to their decision and choices which is deontological and (2)the other one which is oriented with utilititarianism which encompases the role of the moral agent and to examine a relationship between the virtue and care in ethical framework. (Source-Rujla Osmo,Ruth Landau,The role of ethical theories in decision making by social workers,Social Work edition,Volume 25,Number-8(2006),Pages-863-876) Deontology This theory emphasizes on main duty what is to be ethically correct.This theory further elaborated to analyze ethical perplexity where people should follow their obligations and duties in a strict way. (Rainbow C,1996,pp372) As for example ,a dentologist will stick to his promises agreed to a friend and abide by the law. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. People with special character are chosen t to perform special duties and obligations. For example, It may have obligation to protect his little sister to cross a busy road together. (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm ] Utilitarianism The capability to foresee the outcome of an action is the major concern for the utilitarian ethical theory. To an utilitarian, the choice that is ethically correct is the option that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. (Mill S 1963) The ethical theory derives one benefit by applying a point based system to gauge which choice will bring more benefit for a more number of people and an utilitarian can compare similar solution which can be predetermined.Logic and rational shoul be imputed in the argument in connectionwith decision and can be examined case wise. (Mill S 1963)The utilitarianism can be divided into two parts ,one is act utilitarianism and the other is rule utilitarianism.The act utilitarianism is same as the discussed above and this form of utilitarianism is associated with the benefit of the mass irrespective of any binding of law. The fairness is the utmost virtue of rule utilitarianism and it goes by the law. Rule utilitarianism benefits are that it values justice and also includes the beneficence at the same time. Most people are benefitted through the fairest and most just means in rule utilitarian. Further, Hinman (1994) has pointed that Rights theory is the most contemporary theory of ethics and according to utilitarian theory it is the final outcome which has a close relationship with morality however deontologist goes for the correct intention and Rights theory belives that it is the correlation between of duties to respect the others right. introduces the rights and virtues theory stresses on character as the primary factor. (Source-Rujla Osmo,Ruth Landau,The role of ethical theories in decision making by social workers,Social Work edition,Volume 25,Number-8(2006),Pages-863-876) Ethical theories in private and public sector companies : Different ethical perceptions, principles and judgments developed as a result of the differences between public and private-sector organizations. (Sampford C,1998)Unified ethic is instructional and makes possible careful analysis of the proper place of public sector ethics in the context of business, higher education, health care, and law. The public administrators are well-suited to serve as moral exemplars for other professions and for all citizens. . (Sampford C,1998) The notion that public service ought to be the model for ethical conduct in the professions (rather than the other way around) is supportable and provokes new thinking about moral agency and ethics. (Preston N,2002)They provide the necessary foundation for studying public sector ethics by focusing on traditional models arising from moral philosophy. The unified ethic illuminates ethical implications of public administration. It also constructs and culminates by offering an alternative framework for studying ethics. R eay (2009) defines ethics as a set of principles concerning proper conduct. But many authors believe that the definition of ethics changes from one individual to another or from one business to another and everyone has his own definition of ethics depending upon their own set of moral conducts. It is believed that the sense in the moral code comes to ones mind with a judgement whether it is right or wrong,or what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. There are those who think that this moral code should be the same for everyone but it simply cannot be, because all think differently, and all have different upbringings, backgrounds, and experiences. But ethical code of conduct matters to us in every field of life in todays world. The salient features of established ethics models: deontological, teleological, intuitionism and virtue theory are combined to make public administration a moral enterprise. It is a moral enterprise because its sole purpose is to serve public values and public purposes. Moral agency is a part of the profession of public administration. In other words, public administrators must strive always to do that which is morally right. This becomes more important since public administrators are under greater public scrutiny than their private sector counterparts and are more than likely to be held accountable for the decisions they make. (Preston N,2002)Both political and administrative practice are embedded with ethical theories and so are inseparable from governance. (Anne Bois C,2000) says The prime importance of Citizens and public servants are to work towards the promotion, co-operative and meaningful relationships that involve moral examination, theoretical practice ,different ethical de cision making models shows difference in the etical perceptions and comes out with different form of findings , It is through the better communication which can ignite the awareness in factions which eventually led to the difference which is comparative in sense in terms of moral reasoning of personnel in the public as well as private sector. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20583851/do-public-sector-and.html]. For instance ,it is expected that a public administrator who is bounded by oath is tend to be more deontologist than others which have less attachment to it and are driven by the interest in total in nature as in the case of groups which has a special interest and represents the business. However there might be a difference in motivation between the career officials and the elected officials as the former one concentrates more on his duty and principles while the later is concerned about the consequences as he has to safeguard his re-election. Such kind of person will provoke for more stability and fairness in general in greater quantity and in a challenging situation.An important part of it is whether the public-private personnel will perceive a consequential matter or inclined towards its deontological tendencies.These possibilities will lead to a point of decision to judge the nature of public administration. Understanding the ethical decision-making process and its moderating factors helps to incorporate ethics in private and public institutions. Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is characterized by having good characters, getting to know ones core values and having the courage to live them in all parts life. [http://www.businessballs.com/ethical_management_leadership.htm] Foundations for various modern concepts for work, business and organizations are provided by Ethical principles. The modern concept of ethical organizations encompasses many related issues like corporate social responsibility (CSR) or simply social responsibility, fair-trade, sustainability, social enterprise, well-being at work and life balance and many more aspects of good modern leadership. There are no clear cut definitions or rules of ethics that can define them. In most of the literatures realting to ethical leadership it is the uprightness of the leader which is been stressed and also across the culture it has been on the high priority list and has been an inevitable trait of leadership(Yukl,2001) Ethical leadership also presumed to be consisting of personal traits such as worthy of trust ,honesty while making a decision should practice fairness and honesty which should be present in both personal and professional life of the leader. At the same time leader should exhibit externally in an active manner to influence its followers through its agenda by setting a role model,by communicating ,rewarding and if needed penalise them.(Brown and Trevino,2006)has propounded that the ethical leadership is a normative science at the conjunction of action of a person or personal relationship in between them and finally promoted this kind of conduct in two different way to communicate ,strengthen and decide(Brown et al,2005) Ethical leadership has greater proximity in finding the potential through which they can influence the organisation and people who work for them.But leadership theory is based on value and inner assumptions exploring how they can be influenced as there is no neutral ground for leader as per ethics,but there is a difference between ethics and behaviour.This difference arises due to value judgement of the person, stages through which moral development takes place, intentions takes birth from their consciousness, freedom of choice and how they can use the ethics and no ethics and finally it is the judgement and leadership which influences the quality(Gary Yukl,2001)(Source-Ethical Integrity in Leadership and Organizational Moral Culture, John C. Thoms,University of Sydney, Australia Volume 4, Number 4 (November 2008) Page-419 442,Sage Publication) The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership explains the relationship between beliefs and values and behaviors and actions. The theory has the main intention to bring advancement of common good. (Grace B,1999) model tries to find out position of personal passions which lead to belief and ethics in the research for formal leadership .Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different views, values, and constituents opinions. They are open to others opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. By having â€Å"the right values† or being a person of â€Å"strong character,† the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way. At the same time one cannot ignore the value of good character and values which are right as in reality the leadership in ethics far more complicated. and the stakes are much higher. Grace B(1999),In every field of business, the ethical behavior is very important. But in the field of business services, the role of ethics is even greater as it is directly related to humans life. But Murthy (2007) reveals that for the economic and business benefits, some businessmen are neglecting their code of ethics. Although, Nundy (2000) argues that it is only a small portion of the businessmen who do not follow the code of ethics and are bringing a disgrace to the whole community of corporates but still unethical practices are going on in different sectors in various forms. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) explains that ethics is basically a distinct section to meet the creria for bad and good with a duty of mral bound and obliged and these of moral conducts are even true for the business systems in any part of the world. They divide the ethics into two key branches of moral philosophy as descriptive and normative ethics. They further explained descriptive ethics is a branch that is concerned with describing, characterizing and studying the morality of a people, an organization, also what is behind a culture and society.However there is a control parameter to find out of difference and similarity in the moral codes,what is there in the system,practice which draws beliefs and values.Therefore, in descriptive ethics, the key focus remains on learning. But on the other hand, the normative ethics is A systematic approach of supplying and to adjudge the moral tendencies to think and justify.To unveil,develop and establish basic principals in a right way is the motive behind these ethics and finally mould the behaviour,actions and decide what to do.It is here that the business system, particularly in the developing countries, go wrong at following the normative ethics and they violate the ethical code of conduct for their individual benefits. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) has explained three approaches to ethics as conventional approach (based on how normal society views ethics in todays environment), principles approach (based upon the use of ethics principles or guidelines to direct behavior, action and policies) and ethical tests approach (based on short practical questions to guide ethical decisions guiding the behavior). But seeing the business practices as a concern, the conventional approach to ethics is essentially an approach where one can compare a decision, practice or policy with prevailing norms of acceptability and say whether the practice followed is ethical or unethical. The conventional approach defines some of the sources of norms that come to bear on the individual and that might give an idea for the unethical behavior of the businessmen around the world today. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) The various sources that may influence a businessman to follow up an unethical practice may include family, friends, law, religious beliefs, society, employer, profession, culture and fellow workers. Each of these attributes contributes in one or the other way to force the business Enterprises to follow the unethical practices for their individual benefits either business or economic. One of possible example for motivating a professionals to follow unethical practices can be an urge to earn more money to satisfy the needs of the family members. This urge of getting more money leads him to follow unethical practices to earn quick money. But there exists a reason for the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises because whenever he or she makes a decision about what is being ethical (right, just, fair), the conventional approach comes into picture. The decision being taken consists of three elements where in the first step, the observation is of the decision, action and the existing practice in the workplace. After that the practice is compared with the prevailing norms of acceptability and then the recognition of the value judgments with the prevailing norms of acceptability. This means for the same set of actions, the two persons have different ways of looking it as they have different et of prevailing norms of acceptability Feiglstok (2009)The diagram for ethical decision making gives a wider view for an individual decision regarding ethics. The diagrams depicts the business Enterprises following the unethical practices can be put in the area . This is an area where the corporates get a profit following the unethical practices but they need to be very cautious while doing the unethical work. The various business enterprises in the developing countries are ready to take such a risk because of the inefficient legal system in these countries. They take benefit of the existing lenient laws in these countries and follow the unethical practices to make quick money. Weaver (2009 )The business enterprises usually follow the principle of Smiths Market Ethic which says that take selfish actions and be motivated by personal gains in business dealings. But as the reason of their actions for unethical behavior, they follow the Bentham/Mills Utilization Ethic Principle which asks an individual to determine whether the harm in an action is outweighed by the good. So, these parctioners have numerous reasons which can outweigh the unethical action by a good cause. Weaver (2009) reveals that a recent survey conducted by the American Management Association and the Human Resource Institute identified the top three factors that would cause people to break the ethical standards. The factors included the pressure to meet unrealistic objectives or deadlines, career advancement and protecting their livelihood. In case of the business Enterprises the later two reasons play a very important role for encouraging following the unethical practices. For establishing their practice in a very short span of time and for increasing the volumes of clients coming to visit them, these business Feiglstok (2009) supports the ethics in an organization by Which reveals that the ethichs outweighs heavily the non ethical form of business.Integrity and truthfulness has a number a reasons for a right decision making. This includes the honesty towards work and various humanitarian reasons. He also believes that working for an organization in an ethical manner or working as individual for the profession in an ethical manner gives self satisfaction to an individual which cannot be obtained even if one earns good money by following the unethical practices. Unethical Practices in Industry Decades back, business was considered as a good profession and almost all corporates were not money minded people. But the time has changed and all wants to be established in their life very quickly and for that they will choose the short cut. (Theyyunni, 2008). So, young and inexperienced business Enterprises have started following the path of short cut by taking the unethical path which is beneficial in terms of business as well as economics. Although Watts (2008) criticizes the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises by quoting â€Å"Not All Money is Good Money† but still it depends upon business Enterprises to take their own ethical decisions. In many of the developing countries, The public sector employee has a intuition that they can work in the private sector which can bring a hefty amount with facilities and if they practice privately with legal binding which is strict or controlled. Public offices may operate their own private offices and manage the income from them, or may allow work for private gain on their premises, as when corporates admit private clients and are paid directly by them. (Mills, Bennett, McPake, 1997) This overlapping of the private and public sectors gives birth to the existence of certain unethical practices for the personal benefits by certain individuals. Garretts principle of proportionality supports the view of the business Enterprises in developing countries around the world by saying these Enterprises have a proportional reason for the unethical practices which are very much needed along with the ethical practices that are followed. It believes one such proportionate reason is the low wage to business sector. Smith (1999) says that with reference to NHS in UK, the professional bodies and the government departments have a very little to say on these unethical practices. Nundy (2000) gives emphasis to a cover up for the medical facilities and at the same time provide a protective shield to the public from incorrupt and inefficient corrupt business practice. Unethical Practices in India The position of India has not been impressive in the worldwide corruption perception index(CPI) ,as it is ranked 74 with a drop in the two rank among the 180 countries in the world disclosed by independent international agency.In comparison to India countries like Srilanka,Maldives, Pakistan,Libya,Iran and Nepal had a higher magnitude of corruption as they are ranked even lower.But China was ranked 72 in the last year alongwith India but due to fall in the position of India ,china is two position better. (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Corruption-index-India-ranked-74/327777/ With the fast development of various sectors in India, the unethical practices are also increasing in the business sector in India. Sharma (2004) has however preached that the public sector in India need to be strengthened and restructured in an urgent manner. Apart from quacks and outright fakes, even qualified business practitioners know that they can get away with malpractice because clients do not know their rights. With the exponential growth of the private sector, there is an urgent need for regulation to protect users. (Sharma, 2004) Dev and Rao (2009) support the allegations of Sharma by quoting that the recent expansion of the private sector and the increased investment in the field of the curative services and the various sophisticated business equipments have increased the corruption in the private practices in the business sector in India. They explain that the payment to touts who get the clients for offices and to the corporates who refer clients has become a common practice in India Colclough (1997) explains commission to corporates who prescribe expensive investigations and procedures which are often unnecessary as another form of unethical practice and corruption in business sector in India. Dev and Rao (2009) criticize the unethical Indian corporates in the private sector putting them responsible for kickbacks, overbilling and expensive procedures. Phadke (2009) reveals though the client knows about the malpractice but he is afraid to bargain or to show lack of trust because of the fear that this might adversely affect the persons attitude towards the client and in turn, may affect the quality of the service provided. The picture of the business sector gets more clear while having a look at the PEST Analysis done by Holtz (2008) who alleges the lower annual per capita ($ 20) spending of the Indian government on of the public sector i.e the healthcare and the under-developed private health insurance in India which spends only 1% of the total spending on healthcare as major political reasons for the unethical practices in India Sharma (2004) critically argues the claims made by the other authors and says that majority of the population in the various developing countries is uneducated about the governmental structure of business sector and moreover, the inaccessibility of the services in a rural area with densely populated areas can be treated as primary reasons for the increased importance of the business Enterprises which further leads to following up of unethical practices by few individuals. Holtz (2008) shares a different view and feels that low wages to employees and staff in government services are the primary reasons responsible for the existence of the unethical practices in the business sector. Cygnus Business Consulting Research Pvt. Ltd. (2008) criticizes the governments for having access to less high-tech equipments with them as compared to private organizations. One of the other i

Global Health Threats Assessment Essay -- Climate Change

Until recently, disaster scholars have been scarcely engaged in climate change debates. Absent from disaster management discussion, scientific assessments on climate change have mainly involved scientists and experts in environment and energy posing key questions including whether or not climate change is systematic or accidental? And what role can be attributed to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by humans? Which models can tell us about future developments? And how much reduction in emissions is necessary to mitigate the risks of climate change? Further, these scenarios are typically taken in the context of 50–100 year time scales and for large areas such as â€Å"Europe† or â€Å"North America.† These projections about globally significant changes are difficult to comprehend and not easy for people translate into real life (1). More importantly, it has become more evident that climate change will not express itself primarily through slow shifts in conditio ns over a long period of time, but instead in more imminent climate related disasters. The need for action has become more necessary than ever as an increasing human population puts more and more people and their assets in the path of these disasters, raising the economic risk of such events (2). Maarten van Aalst (3) discusses mounting evidence that it is more imminent events such as floods, droughts and heat waves that society must quickly prepare for. Already in the past ten years, weather-related natural hazards have been the cause of 90% of natural disasters and 60% of related deaths and have been responsible for 98% of the impacts on disaster-affected populations, the majority in developing countries (4). The World Meteorological Organization reported (5) that the year 2005 b... ...logical Organization, 2006. 6. Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan: United Nations Internation Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2005. 7. Hilhorst D Bankoff G. Mapping vulnerability: Disaster, development and people. London: Earthscan; 2004. 8. Schipper L Pelling M. Disaster risk, climate change and international development: Scope for, and challenges to, integration. Disasters. 2006;30(1):19-38. 9. Rodolfo KS Siringan FP. Global sea-level rise is recognised, but flooding from anthropogenic land subsidence is ignored around norther manila bay, philippeines. Disasters. 2006;30(1):118-39. 10. Thomalla F Downing T, Spanger-Siegfried et al. Reducing hazard vulnerability: Towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. Disasters. 2006;30(1):39-48.

How is Romeo’s growing love for Juliet shown in Romeo and Juliet Essay

There are many stages of love shown by Romeo in this play. At first he seems in pain but as the play goes on, he gradually realises his true love and starts to get happier. As I show in this essay Romeo adores Juliet and likens her to many things. Juliet returns this love as well, showing how happy they are in each other. In Act 1 Scene 1, Romeo is featured throughout, in his â€Å"pain of love.† Shakespeare describes many symptoms of how he is affected. It is shown as being painful and affecting him badly. On line 149 Montague – Romeo’s father – says that Romeo is â€Å"the bud bit by the envious worm† as if to say he has a bug inside him, slowing down his will do normal things by chewing away at his soul represented by a bud of a flower. At this point (Line 149), Montague and Benvolio (Romeo’s cousin) are still unsure as to what is causing his sadness by saying â€Å"We would as willingly give cure as know† (Line 154), meaning that they want to get him out of his sadness as well as know what is causing it. This is a statement backing-up what he earlier said on Line 136, when Montague says â€Å"And private in his chamber pens himself† – He stays in his bedroom and locks the door. This makes Romeo feel wretched. By locking himself in his room doesn’t help either, as this makes him feel worse. Another significant feature is the frequent references to life and death. For instance Romeo says, on line 200, â€Å"A sick man makes his will† to the end of line 202, being ill is mentioned at least twice. He says a â€Å"sick man,† which shows he is, in a sense, that he is not himself because he loves someone. Another point is that he says on line 187 â€Å"Doth add more grief.† The key word is grief, which is usually used with sorrow feelings and death. Something that appears briefly in one speech is the use of some oxymorons. They can be found in Romeo’s lines 173 – 180. A good example is â€Å"O heavy lightness.† This, if used in real context would not make sense as it a contradictory statement. This shows Romeo’s confusing as he is finding it hard that he cannot get the woman he wants and is frustrated with himself. There are further uses of oxymorons later in the play. In Act 3, Scene 2 around lines 75, there are several oxymorons, examples are â€Å"beautiful tyrant† (Line 75) and â€Å"dove-feathered raven† (Line 76). These are good examples as they show complete opposites and demonstrate what Juliet was feeling as she is torn between feeling for Romeo whilst feeling angry at him because of Tybalt. This shows some of the feelings people have to go through when experiencing love as they have to have important feelings. Images of problems of love are also picked up on. In Romeo’s speech around line 190, he says â€Å"Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs.† This is saying that love is something that will poison you as it ends up with sighs. Shakespeare is making Romeo get out of his state of love and into his normal self. Romeo even says â€Å"I have lost myself.† He knows this isn’t like him and needs to snap out of it but Shakespeare cleverly gets Benvolio involved, so Romeo is forced to tell more, making it even harder for Romeo breakout of his frame of mind. Lastly Romeo and Benvolio mention love and blindness (and the eye) together. In Act 1 Scene 2, Benvolio says â€Å"Take thou some new infection to the eye.† This is saying that Benvolio wants Romeo to look at other women to stop him thinking about the one, who has been keeping him secluded. This line could also mean that Benvolio thinks Romeo has been blind in terms of looking at other women and that â€Å"a new infection† i.e. an infection means an illness that stops you from seeing, so love is a illness for Romeo. From here could be a turning point in two ways for Romeo. He could start being himself again or looking at other women could make him feel worse as he was in Act 1, Scene 1. Romeo would not want this because he may find it harder to get out of his miserable state a second time round. Also the audience may get impatient as they want to see Romeo progress, not rewind into his former conditions. We now start to see Romeo open up as he sees Juliet. This is now the beginning of him becoming happier. This is also the first time the audience see Juliet, in the eyes of Romeo, so is a crucial part of the play. When Romeo firsts sees Juliet, he is truly amazed, and this is shown clearly. In Act 1, Scene 5, Romeo likens her to a â€Å"rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear† (Line 46). This is effective because it gives the audience an image of jewel, which is prominent in the first place, but to be an Ethiopian’s ear, makes it seem all the brighter. This shows that Juliet is already precious, and stood out to him immediately. Another idea to back this up is the use of the word â€Å"torches† shortly afterwards. This could also be interpreted as standing out from the other people. I think could also mean that she is his light. This shows contrast from earlier when it was dark to him. Religion is also used as a theme. On line 94, Romeo says â€Å"This holy shrine,† which could show that Romeo sees her now as his religion, or his light, as I said in the previous paragraph. He almost worships her and, the effect given is they are now lifting their love to sacred or purer ground, not just all the bits that people usually associate with love. It is still in the balance though as Juliet hasn’t spoken a word to Romeo yet, everything he has said proves how strong his love is. Another religious idea is â€Å"blushing pilgrims† used by Romeo on line 95. Pilgrims is used because it shows he is ready to make the journey of love with Juliet. The impression is that Romeo is waiting and that he wants to find the true meaning of his â€Å"religion.† Shakespeare uses pilgrims cleverly as he makes Romeo more romantic than if he put how Romeo felt bluntly. It makes the audience feel that he deserves Juliet. Romeo is skilful in the way he gets to kiss Juliet. As I said before he is not blunt. Instead he uses â€Å"saints† as his way of wooing Juliet. He is shown to the audience that he is a smooth charmer. He also talks of â€Å"sins,† this leads to him challenging Juliet and sort of be against what she should do. This is even more temptation and that is another way of how Romeo managed to get his kiss. Juliet responds by kissing him back, showing the audience that Romeo has been very clever indeed. She says â€Å"You kiss by the book.† This now shows that Juliet has given in and this is where their story starts and the part of the play speeds up a little. This is proven when Juliet finds out she is in love with a Montague, making it doubly interesting for the audience, so they start to get captivated. For Romeo, this is a complete contrast to how he was earlier in the Act. Earlier in the scene on line 53 he said â€Å"I ne’er saw true beauty till this night,† shows that he finally realised he was never in love, just desperate. From now we realise the full extent of Romeo’s love for Juliet. They both almost worship other and we see how much in Act 2. It is almost like they cannot be separated. In Act 2, Scene2, the audience knows for sure that Romeo’s love is now true, unlike in Act 1 and is happy. Romeo compares to Juliet and being bright throughout page 89. The most obvious example is on line 3 – â€Å"Juliet is the Sun.† This shows that he depends on her just as the Earth depends on the Sun. It gives the effect that he cannot live without her. This is backed from line 15 to line 20. A good example is on line 18 where Romeo says â€Å"The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars.† This shows his true affection for her as she shines out to him more than stars, or she shines out to him more than any other woman. Juliet responds to Romeo in the same sort of pattern, which is brightness. Words such as â€Å"bright angel† and heaven are used. I think Shakespeare did this to make sure the audience realised that things have definitely improved for Romeo and that he is now truly in love. Moving away from brightness, Juliet refers to him as â€Å"dear perfection,† this shows the feelings between them are shared. There are strong images used later on the Act. From line 80 to line 84, is a very strong image shown by Romeo. This means that Romeo would travel on a very risky journey to find her. This is again an example of how strong his love has grown for her. Throughout the Act there is a strong presence that Shakespeare is trying to show the contrast of Romeo in Act 1 and Act 2. In Act 1, we hear of Romeo moping saying he is in love, but in Act 2 we now hear he is in love but is lighter and more active than before. I think this is because in Act 1 Romeo could have thought he was in love but was not, so maybe his instinctive reaction was to sulk. Again these lines show a significant contrast to earlier when there were feelings of darkness. Romeo and Juliet are well and truly glued to each other by now. The love they have shown towards each other and is overwhelming. To them they will feel that nothing will tear them apart despite being Capulet and Montague. Their love will rise to unimaginable heights but the audience can tell that Shakespeare will add a cruel twist where something will happen to bring them apart.

Childhood Obesity and Ways to Prevent It Essay

It would be a gross understatement to say that childhood obesity has become a serious problem in America over the last several years. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has stated childhood obesity is the fastest growing health crisis in the United States. Over the past thirty years, the rate of obesity has more than tripled for children aged 6 to 11 and more than doubled for adolescents aged 12 to 19. It’s been approximated that more than 33% of youths aged 2 to 19 are overweight or obese. Being an obese child has an enormous impact on physical, mental, and emotional health along with social and overall development. Research has shown obese youths have a higher risk of chronic conditions such as asthma, hypertension (high blood pressure), high cholesterol, bone/joint problems, sleep apnea, and even certain types of cancer. Equally important is the emerging health concern of metabolic syndrome among American youths, which is a major risk factor for cardiov ascular disease and type 2 diabetes. There are many ways one could prevent obesity. Longer physical education classes and healthier food choices at schools would be very beneficial. It is typical that a parent will do the food shopping for the home so it is important to make healthy, wholesome selections when food shopping. It is also typical for the parent to be the one to take the kids through the drive-thru window, buy them sugary snacks at the store, and super size their meals. It is obvious, then, that the home environment is the first place to set the foundation for proper nutrition. This topic interests me because being from Louisiana I know a lot of obese or over weight children because Louisiana happens to be the second fattest state in the country. Also being a kinesiology major it makes me very interested in exercise and ways to make people more fit and healthy. In the article, it states that the authors work in the Department of Nursing. The article was published at the Medical University of Bialystok, Poland  that proves that the article was written by researchers in the medical field. Since that is all I could find about the authors I could not say that this article is fully credible. The purpose of this article is to review the factors that contribute to the development of childhood obesity, its consequences, and the interventions for managing the problem. The authors found that childhood obesity is associated with the presence of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, while its consequences are connected with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases. Certain psychosocial and endocrine disorders were also observed. According to the authors, â€Å"management of the problem can be achieved with targeted interventions in the presence of the family, school and community environment.† (Koukourikos et al) This quote explains ways that obesity can be prevented and whom can help to prevent it. The authors came to the conclusion that childhood obesity is directly connected with the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle, a change in healthy eating habits, and reduced physical activity. After reading this article, I feel that I gained a lot of knowledge about childhood obesity as a whole. The article was helpful because it talked not only about obesity but also many of the effects it has on children and briefly talks about what would have to be done to reduce the obesity rates. The University of Southern California website stated that Donna Spruijt-Metz’s research focuses on childhood obesity and has her Ph.D. in Adolescent Health and Medical Ethics. She is also the Director, Responsible Conduct Research for the Keck School of Medicine, and the Associate Editor for Pediatric Obesity. This makes Donna Spruijt-Metz extremely qualified to be writing this article. She states that childhood obesity has become an epidemic on a worldwide scale. This article gives an overview of the progress made in childhood and adolescent obesity research in the last decade. The author talks about current definitions of childhood and  adolescent overweight and obesity. She states the three major obesity-related behaviors and genetic components of childhood obesity. She has done research on how the environment has influences on childhood and adolescent obesity. Lastly, she briefly explains the progress in interventions to prevent and treat childhood and adolescent obesity. The author concludes with recommendations for future research, including the need for large-scale, high-dose, and long-term interventions that take into account the complex nature of the problem. This article was informational and helpful explaining why children are becoming more and more obese. Also, the author explained on how to prevent obesity so this article was helpful for my research topic. On an â€Å"About the Authors† webpage, it stated that Leah M. Frerichs works in the College of Public Health department at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. UNMC is one of the top centers for cardiovascular disease research along with several other diseases. Ozgur Araz also work at UNMC in the public health department as an assistant professor. He has his PhD in industrial engineering and has written thirteen other medical articles. Terry T-K Huang is the professor and chair of the department of health promotion, social, and behavioral health at UNMC. He has his PhD is preventive medicine. With this being said, all three of the authors sound very qualified for this article on obesity and how to prevent it because of their medically inclined backgrounds. The authors of this article do research at a couple different places, which includes the Erasmus Medical Center, the TNO Child Health Center, the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, and the University of Twente. Their research has several studies dealing with children and what contributes to their health and weight. All of these centers deal with health and children, which makes these authors well certified to write an article on my topic. two interventions aim to support parents of preschool children to realize healthy child nutrition and activity behaviors of their young child. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of the two overweight prevention interventions with regard to child health behaviors and child Body Mass Index. Methods/design A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among parents and their preschool children who attend one of 51 participating YHC teams. The teams were randomly allocated to one of the two intervention groups, or to the control group (care as usual). The ‘BBOFT+’ intervention focuses on effective child rearing by parents from birth onwards by enlarging parental skills concerning healthy behavioral life-style habits. Parents who are allocated to the ‘E-health4Uth Healthy toddler’ intervention group, at the child age of circa 18 and 24 months old, are invited to complete an online E-health module providing tailored health education regarding hea lthy child nutrition and activity behaviors. The E-health messages are discussed and reinforced during the subsequent regularly scheduled visits by YHC professionals, and were repeated after 4 weeks. The primary outcome measures at child age 3 years are: overweight inducing/reducing behaviors, (for ‘BBOFT+† only) healthy sleep, Body Mass Index and prevalence of overweight and obesity. Secondary outcome measures are attitudes and other cognitive characteristics of the parents regarding the overweight-related behaviors of their child, parenting styles and practices, and health-related quality of life of the children. Discussion We hypothesize that the use of the additional interventions will result in a healthier lifestyle of preschool children and an improved BMI and less development of overweight and obesity compared to usual care.

Political Parties of Northern Ireland essays

Political Parties of Northern Ireland essays The conflict in Northern Ireland dates back to the British conquest of Ireland in the 12th century. The current troubles have their roots in the nationalist uprising in 1916, which was brutally suppressed by the British Army. Six years later, in 1922, after a guerrilla war, most of Ireland won its independence. The six North-Eastern counties, sometimes called Ulster, with a Protestant majority, remained to the United Kingdom and had a Protestant-dominated parliament, called the Stormont. There is a central constitutional problem, the "Northern Irish problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬", which is not only one problem, but also a tangle of interrelated problems. What should be the political context for the people of Northern Ireland? Should it be integrated within Britain or a united Ireland or independent? There are problems of cultural identity and of religious difference. These may be the dominating ones because the Northern Irish parties are founded on the bases of such divisions. The polarisation of the main political groupings takes place around two competing ideologies, namely unionism and nationalism. Unionists support Northern Ireland remaining a part of the United Kingdom, while Nationalists are in favor of its union with the rest of Ireland. This political cleavage is also expressed in the religious division, Protestants being unionists and Catholics nationalists. The main unionist parties are the Official Unionist Party (OUP), which formed all governments till 1972, and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Both parties are unwilling to share power with non-unionist parties and are rather confession based than class-based, but as political scientists point out, they stand for two varieties of unionism, which can be distinguished in an extreme and moderate liberal unionism. The DUP tends to take a more extreme view than the OUP because they have a close identification with fundamentalist Protestant sects and are less willing to compromise with the...

External influences affecting the firm and its activities Essay

External influences affecting the firm and its activities - Essay Example 5 The article, â€Å"Wal-Mart files legal complaint against growing protests ahead of Black Friday† written by FoxNews.com on November 20, 2012. 6 References 8 Introduction It is factual that no business exists in a vacuum but in an external environment that consist of various factors and other players outside the business. Indeed, there are factors that the business can control. Nevertheless, the presence of external factors which the business cannot control is a fundamental challenge that all businesses face. As such, business manager must consider these factors and establish their influence on the business. The magnitude of external factors’ effect on business progress depends on the type of business and type of influence. We can conveniently classify the external factors into social, legal, economic, political, and technological factors. This paper will draw a comprehensive report on the external influences affecting four different firms and their activities. In doi ng this, the paper will summarize the information in four relevant stories that address external influences on specified firms and their activities.  The companies in this context will include the Starbucks, Cheetham Hill Construction Company, Apple, and Wal-Mart. The article, â€Å"the reality of recession for small businesses? ‘We need help' authored by Julia Kollewe, Nadine Schimroszik and Dan Milmo on 25 October 2012. ... 1). The article notes that although the construction company had recorded fair progress, the company faces serious challenges in generating new business since the recession ended. Indeed, the article reckons that the company now operates under tight margins and the company encounters challenges in paying the employees and the suppliers. In fact, the article notes that the effects of recession on construction manifested the true picture of the economy at the time. Assuredly, most small firms including Cheetham Hill Construction Company now live on a knife edge and they constantly delay payments to suppliers except to the main suppliers (Kollewe, Schimroszik &Milmo 2012, p. 1). More so, the article establishes that the company called for tax breaks to enable the company train a new generation of construction workers. Prior to the recession, the company used to take apprentices every year but now the company cannot afford that subject to the recession. Indeed, since most of the workforc e in construction comes from SMEs, the construction companies are lacking labor supply as the SMEs suffer from the recession (Kollewe, Schimroszik &Milmo 2012, p. 1). Notably, recession has very significant adverse effects on any business. Ideally, the most adverse effect of recession on business is reduced job security as workers prefer recession-proof businesses which have capacity to thrive or survive a recession. Furthermore, small business suffers the greatest loss in a recession subject to their inadequate preparedness, budget constraints, and few resources. Other effects that derive from recession include reduced cash flow, loss of demand, and marketing constraints (Sandilands 2013, p. 1). The article,

The culture of China Mafia (triad) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The culture of China Mafia (triad) - Essay Example Although clans have the same hierarchical triad structure, each one of them operates separately from the others, and each one can undertake a business, without asking the consent from the other (Booth 78). An important rule of these triads that can be also related to other organized crime organizations around the world is that women are prohibited to infiltrate in such societies. Moreover, their culture is based mainly on loyalty, because all members develop family ties and should pass an initiation process. In what concerns the profile of members of such societies, some of them are very educated (e.g. lawyers and accountants), who are using their professional status for illegal businesses (Lintner 88). These professionals are not under the possibility of being arrested because the police are focusing on the street criminals, and not on the legitimate lawyers and accountants (Chow 478). When assessing the culture of triad societies is important to overlook the main domains in which they operate. Chinese clans operate mainly in the area of heroin trafficking, but also on counterfeiting goods and human trafficking. The cities with the highest presence of triads are Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The functioning of Chinese triads has also been based on a strong connection or association with the government, mainly because of the communist regime of this country. An example of this kind of association happened in 1992 when Tao Siju (which was minister of public security) encouraged the patriotic work of clans, and set up the framework to continue their businesses, considered in the interest of the state (Brodhurst and Wa 12). Nowadays, it is also necessary to discuss the activity of these triads and to see if law enforcements and other measure had an impact on the culture of these triads and the way they operate. It has been seen an improvement in combating triads activity in Southern China due to a rapid economic development in this